SOVEREIGN TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS

"No right is more sacred to a nation, to a people, than the right to freely determine its social, economic, political and cultural future without external interference. The fullest expression of this right occurs when a nation freely governs itself. We call the exercise of this right Self determination. The practice of this right is Self government."

Joseph Burton DelaCruz (1937-2000)

President of Quinault Indian Nation

President of National Congress of American Indians

Chairman of World Council of Indigenous Peoples

Over a period of more than 25 years as Quinault Nation President, Joe Burton created a model of community leadership, engaged his people in a long-term program of indigenous nation building, and established high standards for integrity and fairness in the exercise of tribal governing authority. - nwindian.evergreen.edu

TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY IN THE UNITED STATES

WIKIPEDIA: Tribal sovereignty in the United States refers to the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States of America. The US federal government recognizes tribal nations as "domestic dependent nations" and has established a number of laws attempting to clarify the relationship between the United States federal and state governments and the tribal nations. The Constitution and later federal laws grant to tribal nations more sovereignty than is granted to states or other local jurisdictions, yet do not grant full sovereignty equivalent to foreign nations, hence the term "domestic dependent nations."

PUBLIC LAW 280

WIKIPEDIA: Public Law 280 (Pub.L. 83-280, August 15, 1953) is a federal law of the United States establishing "a method whereby States may assume jurisdiction over reservation Indians," as stated by Arizona Supreme Court Justice....

Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country – Research Priorities

FULL TEXT www.tribal-institute.org

DISCOVERY DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY

WIKIPEDIA: The Discovery Doctrine is a concept of public international law expounded by the United States Supreme Court in a series of decisions, most notably Johnson v. M'Intosh in 1823. The doctrine was Chief Justice John Marshall's explanation of the way in which colonial powers laid claim to newly discovered lands during the Age of Discovery. Under it, title to newly discovered lands lay with the government whose subjects discovered new territory. The doctrine has been primarily used to support decisions invalidating or ignoring aboriginal possession of land in favor of colonial or post-colonial governments.

STEVE NEWCOMB: LEGACY, ORIGINS & US Law, Five Hundred Years of Injustice. "When Christopher Columbus first set foot on the white sands of Guanahani island, he performed a ceremony to "take possession" of the land for the king and queen of Spain, acting under the international laws of Western Christendom.

"Although the story of Columbus' "discovery" has taken on mythological proportions in most of the Western world, few people are aware that his act of "possession" was based on a religious doctrine now known in history as the Doctrine of Discovery.

"Even fewer people realize that today - five centuries later - the United States government still uses this archaic Judeo-Christian doctrine to deny the rights of Native American Indians...".

Steven T. Newcomb wrote the book: PAGANS PROMISED LAND • Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery.

KUMEYAAY OPINION editorial letters to the Kumeyaay editor.

KUMEYAAY HISTORY in San Diego, an editorial essay about the Indigenous tribal peoples of San Diego County — Kumeyaay-Diegueno-Iipay-Tipay-Iipai-Tipai, Luiseño, Cupeño, and Cahuilla indigenous nations of North America.

"Our Lives" at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, Washington D.C., 2005, Campo Kumeyaay band tribal exhibit.

United States thirteen sovereign Kumeyaay bands of the Kumeyaay-Diegueño Nation:

Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians
Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation
Barona Band of Mission Indians
San Pasqual Band of Indians
Inaja Cosmit Indian Reservation
Capitan Grande Indian Reservation
Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueño Indians
Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians Cuyapaipe
Manzanita Indian Reservation
La Posta Indian Reservation
Jamul Indian Village A Kumeyaay Nation
Mesa Grande Indian Reservation
Campo Band of the Kumeyaay Nation

DOWNLOAD high-resolution Kumeyaay map for educational use. Additional historical MAPS OF THE KUMEYAAY (1776-present). Kumeyaay-Diegueño prehistoric CAVE ART.

KUMIAI Nación

BAJA CALIFORNIA, Mexico Kumiai bands tribes:

La Huerta
San Jose de la Zorra
Juntas de Neji
San Antonio Necua
Santa Catarina (Kumeyaay Paipai)


PROFESSIONAL BAJA TRIBAL DOCUMENTARIES — modern Kumeyaay lifestyle, housing, ethnographic art, community.

KUMIAI DE BAJA CALIF MEXICO en Español Kumiais una cultura en riesgo de extinsión, Acerca de los indigenas Kumiai, Geografia, Sistema Politico, Origenes lingüisticos, Programas de Trabajo, Consejo, Acerca de los indigenas Kumiai, Gobernadora Kumiai, Origenes lingüisticos, y mucho mas...

SOVEREIGN NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN GOVERNMENTS

"The Barona Band of Mission Indians is recognized by the United States Government as a sovereign government.

"It is governed by a General Council, which is comprised of approximately 240 voting members of the tribe. The General Council meets monthly. In addition, there is a Tribal Council comprised of seven elected tribal officials, including tribal chairperson and vice-chairman, each serving four-year terms. The Tribal Council meets on a weekly basis to set policies and rule on matters of importance to the tribe...".

- www.baronatribe.com

Campo Kumeyaay Nation government has published their new .gov website.

"The Campo Indian Reservation is governed under authority of the Campo Constitution passed by the tribal community on July 13, 1975. Under the Campo Constitution the lawmaking authority for the Band is exercised by a General Council comprised of all adult members (18 & older)...".

- www.campo-nsn.gov

• Southern California Tribal Chairmen's Association WEBSITE sctca.net
• Native American Sovereignty Issues WEBSITE hanksville.org
• Bureau of Indian Affairs WEBSITE doi.gov
• University of San Diego Legal Research Center WEBSITE sandiego.edu:
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES - Newspaper, Magazine and Web Articles:
(key word search tips: indigenous, sovereignty)
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