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CHIEF VICTORIANO
19th Century Tribal Leader
circa 1790-1888
Photo courtesy of the San Jacinto Museum
Last Hereditary Chief of Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians
 Victoriano (Kwe-vish Quishish) was an influential 19th century tribal leader and signatory of the Temecula Treaty of 1852. Victoriano was instrumental in leading his people to the Soboba Indian Reservation (c.1882) to help relieve them from injustices by white immigrants and treaty violations.
Victoriano was known as “Standing Bear” in Indian country.
 The Chief came from a powerful Indian family that gave rise to Adam Castillo. Castillo, a Cahuilla Indian by blood and Chairman of the Soboba Tribal Council, also served as long-time President of the Mission Indian Federation in the 20th century.
The MIF was Southern California's most popular and long-lived grassroots political organization known for championing American Indian rights to internal sovereignty and rejecting Bureau of Indian Affairs BIA paternalism.
Mission Indian Federation members 1920, Riverside, CA
Victoriano was close to Indian-rights activist Helen Hunt Jackson and advised her on Indigenous culture and history.
Details of Chief Victoriano’s death was lost in historical records, but his legacy is alive today in the people he served: Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians, reservation located near San Jacinto, CA.
WHY ARE THE CHIEF'S EYES CLOSED IN THIS OLD 19th CENTURY PHOTOGRAPH?
Webmaster's note:
A lot of old portrait photos were taken with the subject's eyes closed.
Why? (It's not a simple blink).
Cameras in the 1800s and early 1900s commonly needed exposure times of 5-20 seconds (even in good lighting) to properly expose the crude film of the period.
Photographers used the lens cap as a shutterspeed to control exposure time.
In other words, the subject would have to remain PERFECTLY still during the long exposure, if their eyeballs moved at all, they would white out and make them look like spirits or ghosts.
I can imagine the first of many portraits began with a few "safe" eyes closed exposures -- it's how I would do it using 5- to 20-second exposures -- because it is nearly impossible to get proper natural fixed eyes and expressions at those shutter speeds....
SOURCES and more research:
www.facebook.com/
www.findyatribe.org/
hdl.huntington.org
TREATY OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE US GOVERNMENT AND THE KAHWEA, SAN LUIS REY, AND COCOMCAHRA INDIANS signed at the Village of Temecula, CA 1852 -- AKA: Treaty of Temecula; California Treaty “K”; San Luis Rey Treaty of 1852; Treaty of Peace; Treaty of Friendship
POSTED BY:
Ernie C. Salgado Jr.
Tribal: Luiseño
Reservation: Soboba Indian Reservation
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posted by Ernie C. Salgado Jr., Soboba, courtesy "The American Indian Reporter". Compiled & presented by G. BALLARD for www.calie.org.
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